Advances in earned schedule and earned value management

Abstract

Earned value management (EVM) is a powerful methodology that gives executives, project managers, and other stakeholders the ability to visualize project status throughout the project life cycle and consequently manage projects, programs, and portfolios more effectively. The earned schedule (ES) allows EVM metrics to be transformed to time or duration metrics to enhance the evaluation of project schedule performance and to forecast the duration needed to complete the project. When combined with schedule analysis, ES can enhance the project manager’s understanding of project schedule forecasts and provide further insights for making better decisions about project schedule and related parameters.

Introduction

Earned value management (EVM) is a powerful methodology that gives the executive, program manager, project manager, and other stakeholders the ability to visualize project status throughout the project life cycle and consequently manage projects, programs, and portfolios more effectively. EVM helps managers in making evidence-based decisions about project scope, resources, and cost, and as a result it supports effective control and project oversight. In its original form, EVM was used to evaluate project performance and forecast the cost of the project at completion. However, it was not used generally to estimate the time needed to complete an activity, work package, or project, or to forecast their completion date. Extensions to EVM have been developed to use the same EVM data for that purpose. The earned schedule (ES) concept allows EVM metrics to be transformed to time or duration metrics to enhance the evaluation of project schedule performance and to forecast the duration needed to complete the project. When combined with appropriate schedule analysis, this approach can enhance the project manager’s understanding of the time estimate at completion of the project, and provide further insights for making better decisions about project schedule and other related parameters. This paper highlights valuable advances in earned value project management and the earned schedule concept.

Use of EVM in private industry and support by popular project management software packages have been rapidly growing in recent years. Details of the method were provided in Practice Standard for Earned Value Management (Project Management Institute, 2005) and in other sources (Anbari, 2003a, 2003b; Association for Project Management, 2006; Humphreys, 2002; Kerzner, 2009; Project Management Institute, 2008; Turner, 2009; Turner, Huemann, Anbari & Bredillet, 2010). There has been a high degree of acceptance among users of EVM, who tend to agree that EVM can improve cost, schedule, and technical performance of their projects. Non-believers in EVM claim that the method is hard to use, that it applies primarily to very large projects, and that they do not need it (Fleming & Koppelman, 2005; Kim, 2000). Anbari, (2003a, 2003b), Turner (2009), Kwak and Anbari (2010), and Turner et al. (2010) show how the method can be simplified and implemented effectively while retaining its essential features. Interest in EVM is growing globally, particularly in the public sector, with notable progress in Australia, Japan, Sw eden, the UK, and the USA.

Elements of Earned Value Management

EVM integrates three critical elements of project management: scope management, cost management, and time management. It requires the periodic monitoring of actual expenditures and the amount of work done (expressed in cost units). To determine cost performance, EVM compares how much we have spent to what we planned to have spent to do the work we have done. To determine time performance, it compares the amount of work done to the amount of work scheduled to be done. To make these comparisons, EVM calculates cost and schedule variances, along with performance indices for project performance management. Based on these results, it forecasts the date and cost of the project at completion and highlights the possible need for corrective action. EVM uses the following project parameters to evaluate project performance (Exhibit 1):

Components of Earned Value Management

Exhibit 1 – Components of Earned Value Management
(Adapted from Anbari, 2003; Kwak & Anbari, 2010; Turner et al., 2010)

Planned Value (PV): This is the cumulative planned cost for the work planned to be done on the project up to a given point in time. It is the approved budget for completing the work planned so far, and as such it is the cost baseline for the project. It was previously called the budgeted cost of work scheduled (BCWS).

Budget at Completion (ВАС): This is the total amount of money expected to be spent on the project, and as such it is the value that PV is planned to reach at completion.

Actual cost (AC): This is the cumulative actual cost spent on the project so far, including all accrued cost on the work done. AC was previously called the actual cost of work performed (ACWP).

Earned value (EV): This represents the cumulative amount of work done up to a point in time, expressed in cost units. It is expressed as the amount that was planned to have been spent on the work that has been completed up to this point. EV was previously called the budgeted cost of work performed (BCWP). To calculate the EV for a given element of work, the planned cost is multiplied by the percentage complete. The EV for the project is the sum of the EV for all the work elements.

ВАС, PV, AC and EV are expressed in cost units. That may be in units of actual money, in any currency. Or it can be expressed in hours or days of work done. PV, AC and EV can be calculated for any element of work to determine progress on that element of work.

Project Performance Measurement

Cost performance on the project is determined by comparing EV to AC. AC represents what has actually been spent and accrued to do the work so far, and EV represents what was planned to be spent to do the work so far. The difference shows whether the project is over spent or under spent. Schedule performance is determined by comparing the EV to the PV. PV shows the amount of work that was planned to have been done and EV represents the amount that has been done. By comparing the two, we can determine whether more or less work has been performed than should have been done, and whether the project is ahead of or behind schedule. We do these comparisons by calculating variances and the performance indices.

Variances

The following formulas are used to calculate the variances:

The cost variance (CV) is a measure of cost performance:

CV = EV – AC

The schedule variance (SV) is a measure schedule performance:

SV = EV – PV

Variance Percentages

The following formulas are used to calculate the variance percentages:

Cost variance percent (CV%):

CV% = CV ÷ EV

Schedule variance percent (SV%):

SV% = SV ÷ PV

In the above formulas, 0 indicates that performance is on target. A positive value indicates good performance. A negative value indicates poor performance.

Performance Indices

The following formulas are used to calculate the performance indices:

Cost performance index (CPI) is another measure of cost performance:

CPI = EV ÷ AC

The schedule performance index (SPI) is another measure schedule performance:

SPI = EV ÷ PV

In the above formulas, 1.0 indicates that performance is on target. More than 1.0 indicates good performance, and less than 1.0 indicates poor performance.

Forecasting of Project Outcome

Project management is primarily concerned with decisions affecting the future. Therefore, forecasting is an extremely important aspect of project management. EVM is particularly useful in forecasting the cost and time of the project at completion, based on actual performance to date using the following calculations.

Forecasting of Cost at Completion

The forecast of the cost of the project at completion is usually called the estimate at completion (EAC) or the cost estimate at completion (CEAC). The forecast cost remaining is usually called the estimate to complete (ETC).

Several assumptions can be made about project cost performance in the future (Anbari, 2003). Two major assumptions are:

  • The remaining work will be performed according to the original plan, therefore (Turner, 2009):

    ETC = BAC – EV

    EAC = AC + BAC – EV = BAC + CV

  • The remaining work will be performed while continuing to over spend or under spend at the same rate (Anbari, 2003; Project Management Institute, 2005; Turner, 2009):

    ETC = (BAC – EV) ÷ CPI

    EAC = AC + (BAC – EV) ÷ CPI = BAC ÷ CPI

Cost Variance at Completion

The cost Variance at Completion (VAC) provides an indication of the estimated cost underrun or overrun at the completion of the project:

VAC = BAC – EAC.

In this equation, 0 indicates that the project is forecasted to be completed on budget. A positive value indicates a forecasted underrun. A negative value indicates a forecasted overrun.

Earned Schedule

In its basic form, EVM has not been used to estimate the time to completion or forecast end date. However, extensions to EVM have been developed to use EVM data for that purpose (Anbari, 2003b; Lipke, 2009; Lipke, Zwikael, Henderson & Anbari, 2009; Turner et al., 2010).

The terminology in this area is not fully agreed upon as it is in EVM, so the following terminology will be used:

Schedule at Completion (SAC): This is the original planned completion duration (date) of the project.

Earned Schedule (ES): This duration from the beginning of the project to the date on which the PV should have been equal to the current value of EV. On the EVM chart (Exhibit 2), it is the date on which the horizontal line through the current value of EV intersects the PV curve.

Actual Time (AT): This is the duration from the beginning of the project to status date.

The time variance (TV) is a measure of schedule performance in time units rather than cost units:

TV = ES – AT

If this value is negative the project is behind schedule, and if it is positive it is ahead of schedule. This is sometimes called the schedule variance (time), SV(t), but that name could lead to possible confusion with the schedule variance.

Components of the Earned Schedule

Exhibit 2 – Components of the Earned Schedule
(Adapted from Anbari, 2003; Lipke, 2009; Lipke et al., 2009; Kwak & Anbari, 2010; Turner et al., 2010)

The time variance percent (TV%) can be calculated as:

TV% = TV ÷ ES

The time performance index (TPI) can be calculated as:

TPI = ES ÷ AT

This is sometimes called schedule performance index (time), SPI(t), but again there is a possible risk of confusion with SPI. As with SPI, if TPI is greater than 1.0, the project is ahead of schedule, and if it is less than 1.0, the project is behind schedule.

Forecasting of Completion Time

As an important extension to EVM, ES is particularly useful in forecasting the time at completion of the project, based on actual performance to date using the same EVM data and the following calculations.

Forecasting of Time at Completion

The forecast of time at completion can be called the time estimate at completion (TEAC). The fact that the estimated cost at completion is generally called the estimate at completion (EAC) and not the cost estimate at completion (CEAC), whereas the estimated time at completion has to be called the time estimate at completion (TEAC), underlines EVM’s primary focus on cost control. The forecast of time to complete the remaining work can be called the time estimate to complete (TETC).

Several assumptions can be made about project schedule performance in the future (Anbari, 2003). Two major assumptions are:

  • the remaining work will be performed according to the original plan and there will be no further delay to (or speeding of) the project, therefore (Anbari, 2003; Turner et al., 2010):

    TEAC = SAC + TV

  • the remaining work will be performed while maintaining the same rate of doing work for the rest of the project (Anbari, 2003; Lipke, 2009; Lipke et al., 2009; Turner et al., 2010):

    TEAC = SAC ÷ TPI

    TEAC can also be calculated using the SPI, but the calculations are more complicated. They depend on whether the project has reached the planned completion date and whether it is ahead or behind schedule. If the date is earlier than SAC and the project has not yet finished:

    TEAC = SAC ÷ SPI

    After the SAC is reached, sv tends toward and concludes at 0.0 and SPI tends towards and concludes at 1.0 when the project is completed. Hence, using SPI for schedule forecasting after the SAC is reached would lead to erroneous results. Therefore, we define the expected accomplishment rate (EAR) as the expected average accomplishment rate per time period from the status date to the completion of project or work package. Then:

    TEAC = AT + (BAC – EV) ÷ EAR

    When past schedule performance is a good predictor of future schedule performance, EAR would be equal to the average actual accomplishment rate (AAR) per time period to date, which can be obtained by dividing EV over AT: EAR = AAR = EV ÷ AT. Then:

    TEAC = AT + (BAC – EV) ÷ AAR

Time Variance at Completion

The Time variance at completion (TVAC) gives an indication of the estimated amount of time that the project will be completed ahead or behind schedule:

TVAC = SAC – TEAC

In this equation, 0.0 indicates that the project is expected to be completed on schedule, a positive value indicates that the project is expected to be completed ahead of schedule and a negative value indicates that the project is expected to be completed behind schedule.

Statistical Forecasting

EVM and ES have been integrated with statistical confidence limits to derive the range of probable outcomes for the project final cost and duration. Results of this work demonstrated that the proposed approach is sufficiently reliable for general application of the forecasting method for both cost and duration, and that the ES approach can be applied effectively regardless of the type of work or the magnitude of cost and duration of the project (Lipke et al., 2009).

Example

The following example (adapted from Anbari, 2003; Kwak & Anbari, 2010) illustrates the concepts discussed in this paper. Consider a project that has a baseline Budget at Completion of $100 (followed by an appropriate number of 0’s) and a baseline schedule of 40 weeks. The baseline indicates that by the end of week 20, the project is planned to be 50% complete. At the end of week 20, it is reported that 40% of the project work has been completed at a cost of $60. The main components of this example are shown in Exhibit 3.

Main Components of the Example Project

Exhibit 3 – Main Components of the Example Project
(Adapted from Anbari, 2003; Kwak & Anbari, 2010)

Using the EVM method:

BAC = $iGG

AT = 2G weeks

AC = $6G

PV = 5G% x $iGG = $5G

EV = 4G% x $iGG = $4G

Therefore:

% Complete     = EV – BAC = $4G – $iGG = 4G%

% Spent           = AC – BAC = $6G – $iGG = 6G%

Cost and Schedule Variances:

CV = EV – AC = $40 – $60 = -$20

SV = EV – PV = $40 – $50 = -$10

Performance Indices:

CPI = EV – AC = $40 – $60 = 0.67

SPI = EV – PV = $40 – $50 = 0.80

Estimate at Completion and Variance at Completion:

EAC = BAC – CPI = $100 – 0.67 = $150

VAC = BAC – EAC = $100 – $150 = -$50

Earned Schedule:

PV Rate = $100 – 40 weeks = $2.5 per week

TV = SV – PV Rate = – $10 – $2.5 per week = -4 weeks

AT = 20 weeks

ES = 16 weeks

TV = AT – ES = 20 – 16 = -4 weeks

TPI = ES ÷ AT = 16 ÷ 20 = 0.80

TEAC = SAC ÷ TPI = 40 ÷ 0.80 = 50 weeks

TVAC = SAC – TEAC = 40 – 50 = -10 weeks

From the above equations, we can conclude that this project is in serious trouble regarding both cost and schedule performance. Corrective actions should have already been taken. It is critical to conduct an immediate review of this project, evaluate the underlying causes of the problems facing it, and make appropriate decisions promptly.

Comparison and Integration of CPM and ES

Many professionals like to use network analysis, such as CPM/PERT for schedule forecasting and EVM for cost forecasting. However, it is important to note that these methods have different underlying assumptions. CPM/PERT is primarily a planning tool, whereas EVM is primarily a monitoring and control tool. CPM/PERT generally assumes that future performance will parallel the original plan, unless changes are made to the original plan scope, time, logic, resources, or cost. CPM/PERT assumes initially that problems or opportunities that affected performance in the past will not reoccur in the future and that past performance is not a good predictor of future performance. By contrast, the assumption generally associated with EVM is that past performance is a good predictor of future performance, that performance to date will continue into the future, and that efficiencies or inefficiencies observed to date will prevail to completion of the project or work package. Which of these assumptions and related forecasts will materialize depends greatly on decisions and actions taken by the project manager, the project team, senior executives, and others in the organization (Anbari, 2003; Turner et al., 2010).

Considering the above example, the project is four weeks behind schedule as of week 20. Using CPM and assuming the worst case scenario that the four weeks are entirely on the critical path, the project would be forecasted to be completed in 44 weeks, with a delay of four weeks. However, using ES the project would be forecasted to be completed in 50 weeks, with a delay of 10 weeks. The four weeks represent 10% of the original duration of 40 weeks and may be considered a tolerable deviation in some organizations, whereas the 10 weeks represent 25% of the original duration of 40 weeks and would be considered beyond tolerable deviations in most organizations. This important difference affects resource utilization and management decisions greatly. Applying CPM and ES with a clear understanding of their underlying assumptions can enhance the project manager’s decision-making to achieve various project objectives.

It is advisable to ask functional managers and work package managers to review cost and schedule mathematical forecasts and to provide their own subjective forecasts for the work being performed in their areas. Both mathematical forecasts and subjective forecasts could be included in project performance reports. This approach highlights performance deviations for various managers, encourages them to consider appropriate, timely actions, and incorporâtes their detailed knowledge of performance in their own areas, which may not be evident from the mathematically forecasted values (Anbari, 2003; Turner et al., 2010).

Forecasting in project management may well be a self-defeating prophecy, and that may be good for the organization ultimately. Large deviations usually attract management’s attention and result in corrective action. Small deviations are usually left alone. By quantifying and highlighting such deviations, bar (Gantt) charts, project network analysis techniques, and EVM help focus management’s concentration on projects or work packages that need most attention. As a result, these tools support effective management of projects and work packages collectively and enhance management of the enterprise project portfolio. Using these techniques consistently to forecast project outcomes provides a uniform approach to project reviews, builds confidence in the project outcome as time progresses, and enhances management’s ability to take corrective actions and make appropriate decisions affecting all projects (Anbari, 2003; Turner et al., 2010).

Conclusions

EVM is a powerful methodology that helps the executive, program manager, project manager, and other stakeholders in managing projects, programs, and portfolios more effectively. ES is an important extension to EVM that allows EVM metrics to be transformed to time or duration metrics to enhance the evaluation of project schedule performance, forecast the duration needed to complete the project, augment the project manager’s understanding of the time estimate at completion of the project, and provide further insights for making better decisions about project schedule and other critical parameters.

Anbari, F. T. (2003a). The earned value analysis method: Extensions and simplifications. Proceedings of IPMA 17th World Congress on Project Management [CD]. International Project Management Association (IPMA): Moscow.

Anbari, F. T. (2003b). Earned value project management method and extensions. Project Management Journal, 34(4), 12-23.

Association for Project Management. (2006). АРМ Body of Knowledge (5th ed.). Buckinghamshire, UK: АРМ Publishing.

Fleming, Q. W., & Koppelman, J. M. (2005). Earned value project management (3rd ed.). Newtown Square, PA: Project Management Institute.

Humphreys, G. C. (2002). Project management using earned value. Orange, CA: Humphreys & Associates.

Kerzner, H. (2009). Project management: A systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling (10th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Kim, Е. H., Wells Jr., W. G., & Duffey, M. R. (2003). A model for effective implementation of earned value management methodology. International Journal of Project Management, 21(5), 375-382.

Kwak, Y.H. & Anbari, F. T. (2010). Project management in government: An introduction to earned value management (EVM). Washington, DC: IBM Center for the Business of Government.

Lipke, W. H. (2009). Earned schedule. Raleigh, NC: Lulu Publishing.

Lipke, W., Zwikael, O., Henderson, K., & Anbari, F. (2009). Prediction of project outcome: The application of statistical methods to earned value management and earned schedule performance indexes. International Journal of Project Management, 27(4), 400-407.

Project Management Institute. (2008). A guide to the project management body of knowledge (PMBOK® guide -fourth edition). Newtown Square, PA: Project Management Institute.

Project Management Institute. (2005). Practice standard for earned value management. Newtown Square, PA: Project Management Institute.

Turner, J. R. (2009). The handbook of project-based management (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Turner, J. R., Huemann, M., Anbari, F. T., & Bredillet, c. N. (2010). Perspectives on pojects. London: Routledge

© 2011, Frank T. Anbari
Originally published as a part of 2011 PMI Global Congress Proceedings – Dallas, TX, USA

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