Abstract
A thorough and effective management process is a critical success factor for any kind of project. This is even truer in capital projects, which usually have a development phase that is critical and mandatory before the project gets formal approval.
This paper describes the task of structuring a project management office (PMO) in the logistics projects department (responsible for developing ports and railroads capital projects) of a large and multinational mining company. This PMO is in charge of supporting the development phase (front-end) of capital projects of different sizes and complexities, based on a stage-gated process inspired by the front-end loading (FEL) approach and with the help of best practices proposed in the A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide—Fourth Edition).
Introduction
Capital projects, due to their size and strategic importance, tend to have a high impact on the companies that perform them. In the context of this paper, capital projects are ones that:
- Provide a capacity increment in an integrated logistics chain;
- Require board approval for moving to the construction phase; and
- Have a deep impact (social and economical, direct and indirect) in the geographical area where they are deployed.
This paper describes the task of structuring a project management office (PMO) in the logistics projects department (responsible for developing ports and railroads capital projects) of a large and multinational mining company. This PMO is in charge of supporting the development phase (front-end) of capital projects of different sizes and complexities, based on a stage gated process inspired by the front-end loading (FEL) approach and with the help of best practices proposed in the A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide—Fourth Edition) (Project Management Institute [PMI], 2008).
The PMO has the following main features:
- – A project management methodology that matches a corporate process based on FEL and the best practices from the PMBOK® Guide—Fourth Edition (PMI, 2008).
- – A project categorization system that allows tailoring the methodology to a specific project, identifying key deliverables and processes to be used for each type of project.
- – An integrated risk management process that spans the overall project life cycle.
- – A project governance system that handles project initiation and termination, project priorities, and scope changes.
Each feature will be presented in the following sections.
The Project Management Methodology
Several studies on capital projects, such as Nissen (2003), have shown that the success in implementing competitive projects is based on four factors: project team, technology, value-improving techniques (VIPs), and FEL. Among them, FEL is considered the most crucial factor for project success.
According to Barshop (2003), “Front-end loading (FEL) is a process by which a company translates its marketing and technology opportunities into capital projects. The objective is to align project objectives with the business need and to develop the most efficient process design and execution plan to achieve the project objectives” (p. 17).
The company developed a corporate methodology based on a FEL process that divides the development phase into three different stages (Exhibit 1).
Exhibit 1. Capital Project Life Cycle with Gate Reviews
Each phase ends with a gate review, which works as a clear transition point, where the project, after being examined, is either allowed to move to the next phase, return for a better definition or canceled. For each FEL stage, a set of deliverables is defined, and in the beginning of each stage, its planning is reviewed. This process is inspired by the “rolling wave planning” concept proposed in the PMBOK® Guide—Fourth Edition (PMI, 2008, p.46 ).
The Project Categorization System
The company has a corporate process that defines a complete set of deliverables for each FEL stage, and that set is mandatory for projects above a certain capital expenditure (CAPEX) value. However, the PMO is also in charge of supporting projects with CAPEX below that threshold, so in order to tailor the corporate process for such projects a categorization system has been defined. This system goes beyond the CAPEX value and onsidering questions such as the following:
- Is the project Greenfield (new, undeveloped site), Brownfield (to be developed on an already developed site), or both?
- What is the level of environmental permitting required?
- Will the project demand fast tracking?
- Will the project require land acquisition? At what level?
- Will the project interfere with communities or wildlife?
- Is this a port/railroad/ or both project?
- What is the perceived degree of risk for the project?
All these questions must be answered by the project team as part of the project initiation process. Based on the answers, the project can be classified as simple, medium, large, or mega.
A mega project must adhere to all methodology requirements (including independent evaluation at the end of FEL 2 and FEL 3) and provide all deliverables, whereas a simple project demands a smaller set of deliverables, and can have an internal evaluation at the end of each phase. For instance, for large and mega projects, a quantitative risk analysis is a mandatory deliverable for the FEL 3 stage, and it is optional for simple and medium projects (but all projects must perform at least a qualitative risk analysis during FEL 3).
Regardless of their category, all projects need to have an approved project development plan (PDP) before they are authorized to proceed; all projects are monitored based on this plan, which is reviewed at the beginning of each new stage. In addition, all projects must produce a project execution plan (PEP) at the end of FEL 3. This plan will guide the execution of the next stage (construction).
The Integrated Risk Management Process
The corporate process defines risk as the measure of the uncertainties in the assumptions adopted in the different disciplines of a project, in view of the project’s main objectives: schedule, budget (CAPEX), and return on investment (ROI). A risk may be a threat (negative impact on one or more objectives) or an opportunity (positive impact on one or more objectives). Notice that the definition of risk has a strong quantitative component. At the end of a development phase, the main project risks must have been evaluated and assigned a quantitative impact on the schedule and the CAPEX.
The level of risk analysis detail is compatible with each FEL stage (Exhibit 2).
Exhibit 2. Level of Detail of Risk Analysis at Each FEL Stage
Risk Management at the FEL 1 Stage
At this stage risk, management is broken down into two stages. The first one identifies fatal flaws in the environment, land acquisition, communities, and engineering. The second stage identifies fatal flaws in economic analysis and tries to identify uncertainties in relevant economic variables.
Risk Management at the FEL 2 Stage
At the FEL 2 stage, a process is defined for supporting the selection of the best alternatives (site location, technological process, etc.) for the project. A qualitative risk analysis follows the conclusion of the conceptual engineering studies of all alternatives to support the decision process that will select the best alternative for the project.
Risk Management at the FEL 3 Stage
At the FEL 3 stage, risk analysis is broken down in two main processes.
Quantitative risk analysis is based on Monte Carlo simulation. It evaluates the chances of meeting the main project objectives, especially CAPEX and schedule. This is a two-stage process, namely:
- Stage 1: It comprises only risk identification in the environment, land acquisition, human resources, communities, safety and security, engineering, and planning. This is usually performed halfway through FEL 3.
- Stage 2 comprises a review of the risks identified in stage 1. It identifies risks in engineering and planning, quantitative analysis, and development of a risk management plan. This is usually performed closer to the end of FEL 3.
- Hazard and operability analysis (HazOp) is a structured technique for qualitative analysis developed in order to identify operational problems in project processes that can compromise or jeopardize capacity, productivity, and/or safety. This analysis is usually performed upon completion of engineering basic design.
The Project Governance System
In order to be included in the portfolio of projects monitored by the PMO, a project must undergo a project authorization process based in the initiation process group as described in the PMBOK® Guide—Fourth Edition (PMI, 2008). The PMO manager receives a project charter proposal and submits it for internal analysis of the engineering area. If and when the project charter is approved, a project code is created for the corresponding project and a project manager is designated. The project manager’s first order of business is to gather a core project team and start developing a PDP for the corresponding FEL stage upon which the project is received.
Change requests are managed based on the processes described in the Practice Standard for Project Configuration Management (PMI, 2007) and shown in Exhibit 3.
Exhibit 3. Change Control Process According to PMI (2007, p. 17)
If a project is approved to proceed after a FEL 3 gate review, it is transferred to a different structure to go to the construction phase. Depending on the project size, a projectized structure is created for it. It is common that team members from the development phase continue with the project during the construction phase.
Considering that at the end of FEL 3, the project moves to a different structure within the department, a formal transfer term must be signed between the involved parties and after the FEL 3 gate review. Periodically, an executive panel is published internally, with an executive view of the PMO portfolio and all projects main milestones.
Conclusion
We described how a PMO focused in the development of capital projects has been structured based on existing processes, tools, and techniques within the company. The resulting methodology adheres both to the FEL approach and to the best practices as proposed in the PMBOK® Guide—Fourth Edition (PMI, 2008).
All this work was performed while the project pipeline was kept active, with projects entering and leaving the portfolio. The governance system survived the bumps generated by the economical crisis of 2008-2009 (the Brazilian PIB (Gross Domestic Product) decreased by 0.2% in 2009) (PRNewswire, 2010 ¶1) and has been very efficient now, when the economy, at least in the mining sector, is strongly recovering.
We believe that the four features described in this paper (a project management methodology, a project categorization system, an integrated risk management process, and a project governance system) can be used/adapted by other organizations that handle capital projects as a starting point for implementing their own PMO and achieving more effective results in their capital projects.
