A common question that we get is whether it’s possible for a team to take an agile approach in a regulatory environment. The answer of course is a resounding yes, although your approach will need to be tailored to reflect the constraints of the applicable regulation(s).
The topics addressed by this article:
- Do Agile Teams Face Compliance?
- Agile Strategies for Addressing Compliancy
- Important Things to Understand About Compliancy
Do Agile Teams Face Compliance?
We often hear that agile is great for simple situations but as soon as you face compliancy issues that it doesn’t work. Is it possible to be agile when you face regulatory compliance, such as PCI, FDA, or DoD compliancy? Is it possible to be agile when you face organizational compliance, such as working in a CMMI regime? Important questions that we decided to look into.
Figure 1 summarizes the responses to our question around agile teams and compliance from our 2016 Agility at Scale study. As you can see, 62% of respondents indicated that their agile team faced some form of regulatory compliance, 20% some form of organizational compliance, and 15% said both. In fact, two-thirds of agile teams operate under one or more compliancy requirements.
Figure 1. Agile teams and compliance
Agile Strategies for Addressing Compliancy
The Disciplined Agile® (DA™) tool kit addresses regulatory compliance issues via several key strategies:
- Adopt a hybrid strategy. DA is a hybrid that adopts strategies from a range of sources including Scrum, ITIL, Agile Modeling , Kanban, Unified Process, COBIT, and many more. Regulations typically cover a wide range of issues and as a result you need to adopt supporting practices from numerous sources. This may include management practices from Scrum, agile development practices from XP, agile documentation practices from Agile Modeling, data quality practices from Agile Data , and so on. The DA tool kit has already done the heavy lifting for you by showing how these practices fit together, unlike frameworks/methods such as Scrum which leave this work up to you.
- Adopt a full delivery life cycle. Most regulations address the full delivery lifecycle, not just construction. DA supports multiple life cycles, including one for value streams. The Disciplined Agile Delivery (DAD) process blade of DA supports several such life cycles to reflect the differing contexts faced by teams in typical enterprise environments.
- Focus on solutions, not just software. Disciplined agile teams produce consumable solutions, not just “shippable software.” DA recognizes that delivery teams are working on solutions that have a software component, that run on hardware, that are supported by documentation, and that the team may even change the business process around the usage of a system and even the organization structure of the people using it.
- Take a goal-driven approach. Recognizing that solution delivery teams find themselves in unique situations, DA doesn’t prescribe how they should work. Instead, it focuses on providing advice for how teams can tailor their strategy to reflect that context of the situation that they find themselves in. DA does this by promoting a process goal driven approach. This strategy guides teams through the process decisions that they’re making, some of which will be driven by regulatory compliance. DA has already done a lot of the heavy lifting regarding how to tailor your agile process to meeting scaling concerns such as regulatory compliance, large teams, geographically distributed teams, and other issues. Interestingly, the majority of the tailoring effort to address scaling issues such as regulatory compliance is handled by four of the process goals: Explore Scope, Identify Architecture Strategy, Accelerate Value Delivery, and Coordinate Activities.
- Adopt an explicit governance strategy. DA has agile governance strategies built right in, including agile team governance strategies such as explicit light-weight milestones, metrics, named phases, and many other aspects of governance expected by many regulations. Once again, DA has done a lot of the heavy lifting for you.
- Be enterprise aware. One of the principles of the DA Mindset is enterprise awareness, which is the recognition that agile teams do not work in a vacuum. This includes strategies for engaging with enterprise architects, how to deal with enhancement requests and defect reports coming in from operations, and how to work with other enterprise professionals. These can be key issues to understand when tailoring agile to be compliant within an existing organizational ecosystem — your entire process needs to comply to the regulations, not just the development portion of it.
Important Things to Understand About Compliancy
Let’s explore issues pertaining to compliance:
- The regulations vary. Not all regulations are created equal. For example, financial regulations such as Sarbanes Oxley (SoX) are typically less stringent than life-critical things such as the various Federal Drug Administration (FDA) regulations. So, one regulatory compliancy strategy does not fit all, and your team will instead need to tailor their agile strategy to reflect the applicable regulations that you face.
- Agile teams are working in regulatory compliance scenarios. The quick answer is yes. As you can saw in Figure 1, the 2016 Agility at Scale study found that two-thirds of agile teams face either regulatory, organizational, or both forms of compliance.
- Organizations are succeeding at applying agile within a regulatory regime. The 2012 Agility at Scale study found that some respondents indicated that their organizations had successfully applied agile strategies with regulatory situations. As you can see in Figure 2, they are applying agile in all types of regulatory environments, including but not limited to life-critical and financial. If other organizations are succeeding at doing so perhaps yours can as well.
- Organizations are failing at this too. The 2012 Agility at Scale study also asked if organizations had agile project teams that failed within regulatory situations and respondents indicated that they had. If other organizations are struggling with agile and regulatory compliance then yours might too, so please consider the advice provided below.
- The regulations rarely tell you how to work. Regulations typically provide criteria that your process needs to meet. For example they may call out the need to have independent testing, but they won’t say that you need to have an onerous testing phase nor that all testing needs to be done this way. There you could adopt parallel independent testing in addition to your whole team testing efforts to conform to this requirement. The implication is that you can tailor your solution delivery process to be as agile as you can while still being compliant — you don’t need to take a waterfall/V-model style approach.
- Sometimes compliancy is self-imposed. Some compliancy requirements are not legislated, such as FDA and SoX, but are instead willingly adopted by your organization. Examples of this include compliancy regimes such as ISO-900X and CMMI, strategies which may have been adopted for marketing reasons (typically by IT service providers) or perhaps process improvement reasons. As you can see in the chart organizations are both succeeding and failing at applying agile in these situations.
- You need to read the regulations. Our experience is that many organizations will let their more bureaucratic-leaning staff members interpret how to conform to regulations. Not surprisingly their strategy often involves a lot more paperwork, activities, and checkpoints than is actually needed. When pragmatic people are asked to interpret regulations you often end up with a more pragmatic response. If you’re in a regulatory environment we’ve found that it behooves you to take the time to read the regulations so that you can optimize how your agile team addresses them. Fair warning: Most regulations are incredibly dry reading.
Figure 2. Agile and regulatory compliance
